铝及铝合金的钎焊
时间：2019-12-26 16:26:45 作者：小编 点击：次
<p>铝及铝合金的钎焊的工艺应用，沈阳qy球友会真空是一家专业的<a href="http://www.topspynews.com/">真空炉</a>生产厂家，专业制造真空钎焊炉，完善的售后为您解决一切真空炉问题，联系电话：13998872066<br/><br/>概述 Introduction</p><hr style="height: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin: 0px; color: rgb(221, 221, 221); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"/><ul style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>铝及其合金由于密度小，热导率和电导率高(仅列于Ag、Cu、Au之后），在近代工业材料中占 有独特的地位。在人造卫星、火箭、导弹、微波元 件、飞机或地面雷达天线、汽车水箱或空调散热器 等的制造上，为了减轻重量，降低能耗，提高效率 和增强机动性都竭尽可能地以铝代铜，甚至代钢。 能否取代的关键在丁•铝及其合金的焊接，而焊接之 精密者首推钎焊。</p></li><li><p>铝及其合金较之其他合金难于钎焊之处，在于 其表面有一层极为致密的氧化膜。这层氧化膜的性 质非常稳定，能够充分抵抗大气的侵蚀，它又能在 旧膜被破坏时随时生成新膜。铝的化学性质非常活 泼，正是这层随时生成的氧化膜的保护，才使得铝 及其合金有可能成为今日的重要材料。也有办法能彻底破坏这层膜，例如在铝上滴一滴HgCl2溶液或 放上一些金属汞，用砂布摩擦使生成铝汞齐，铝表 面上液态的Al-Mg合金会使氧化膜不能保持完整致密，这时可以明显看到它能和水反应放出氢气。成 块的铝及其合金，在潮湿情况下一夜间会化为绒毛 状的A1(0H),。铝及其合金钎焊时需要破坏这层 膜，否则熔化的钎料不能与母材润湿；焊后又需要 维持保护膜的完整，否则接头将会产生严重的腐蚀。</p></li></ul><p>1. 锅及钥合金的编号Designations of Aluminum and its Alloys</p><ul style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Microsoft YaHei", Simsun, Arial; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>纯铝的延展性优良佴强度不高，加人Mn、 Mg、Cu, Si、Cr等金属制成合金后各种性能有特 殊的改善。有的经热处理后可以得到很高的强度， 甚至可以和某些特种钢媲美。合金分类如下：(JIS)基本上采用的是美国的表示方法。</p></li><li><p>世界各发达国家的铝合金大都有自己的牌号和成分，约半数可以互相对比，成分也不完全相同。 有相当数童的铝合金属于独自发展的品种，别国没有相应的合金。我国旧的编号（GB)⑴以LX代表 工业纯铝，X为数字1~6,数字越小纯度越高，由U至L6，纯度由99. 7%至99. 8%。用LGX代 表髙纯铝，X为0~4, X越大纯度越高，由LG1 至LG5,纯度由99. 85%至99. 99%。防锈铝（LF 系列）为Al-Mn及Al-Mg系合金，硬铝（LY系 列）为Al-Cu-Mg系合金，锻铝（LD系列）为A1- Mg-Si和Al-Mg-Si-Cu系合金，超硬培(LC系列） 为Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系列合金。表2-1列出了不同国家 合金牌号的对照⑺。从中可以看出合金的大概组 成。在世界各国的牌号中，徳国、意大利、瑞士、 比利时、瑞典和荷兰等国采取类似国际标准化协会 的表示方法，其他诸国则采取自C的编号。日本表2-1不同国家合金牌号的对照</p></li></ul><div><p>Table 2-1 Some comparison examples of aluminum alloys designation for different countries</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>类别</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>中国GB<br/>新（旧）</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美国<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>俄国<br/>rocT</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>国际标准 化组织ISO</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>纯铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1A90 (LG2) 1A85 (LG1) —(L1) 1A50 (LB2) —(L5-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1090<br/>1080<br/>1070<br/>1050<br/>1100</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AB1<br/>AB2<br/>A00<br/>A5<br/>A2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A199.8<br/>A199.7<br/>A199. 0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>防锈铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5A02 (LK2) 5A03 (LF3) 5A05 (LF5) 3A21 (LF21)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5052<br/>5154<br/>5046<br/>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AMr<br/>AMr3<br/>AMr5<br/>AMU</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlMg2.5<br/>AlMg3<br/>AlMg5<br/>AlMnlCu</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>硬铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A01 (LY1)<br/>2 All (LY11) 2A12 (LY12)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2117<br/>2017<br/>2024</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>Ani8n<br/>Ani<br/>Ani6</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlCu2. 5 Mg AlCu4MgSi AlCu4Mgl</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>类別</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屮国GB 新(旧)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美国<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>俄国<br/>rocr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>国际标准 化绀织iso</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>锻铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6061 (LD30) 6063 (LD31) 2A70 (LD7) 2A14 (LD10)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6061<br/>6063<br/>2618<br/>2014</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AITO<br/>AI131<br/>AK4-1<br/>AK8</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlMgSiCu<br/>AlMgSi<br/>AlCi»4SiMg</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>超硬铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>7A09 (LC9)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>7075</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>一</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlZn5.5MgCu</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>特殊铝</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4A01 (LT1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4043</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AK</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>AlSi5</p></td></tr></tbody></table><br/><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/uploads/allimg/20220305/1-220305162I51E.jpg"/></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li>1972年12月由18个国家签约制定了变形铝及 铝合金国际牌兮命名体系。这个体系基本上是以美国铝业协会（AA)命名法为基础，即四位数字体 系。第一位数字代表主要添加的合金元素：1 x x x为尤添加，即为纯铝；2xxx为Cu;3xxx 为 Mn; 4 x x x 为 Si; 5 x x x 为 Mg; 6 x x X 为 Mg + Si; 7 x x x为Zn; 8 x x x为其他元素。第 二位代表合金改型状况：0为原型，1 均为改 型。第二位、四位为合金的识别号，无特殊意义。 国际间与AA相似成分的合金则在四位数后加缀英 文大写宇母（除I、0、Q外）来识别。我国铝合金牌号的命名已经向这个体系靠垅，有的直接引用，有的在四位数后加英文字母后缀。与AA相差较远的合金，则除第一位数字保持共同的规则以 外，第二位改用英文大写字母而不用数字，例如 LY1 改为 2A01，LY12 改为 2A12，LF2 改为 5A02， LF10改为5B05等⑴。</li></ul><p>2.铝及铝合金的埋化性能Physi- cal and Chemical Properties of Aluminum and its Alloys</p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>纯铝的密度小，只有2.7fr/Cin3,与铜（8.9g/ cm3)或铁（7.9g/cm3)比较，只是二者的1/3。 铝的电附率为2. 61 pil • cm,在所有低电阻率的金 属中排在银(1.47^11 • cm),钢(1.58jiH • cm) 和金（lOlpil . cm)之后，居第四位。仅此两项 就足以表明铝在金属材料中之独特地位。铝的物理 性能见表2-2。铝合金一些重要的和钎焊工艺有关 的性能见表2-3。表2-3中列出各合金的特性都以 美国合金编号AA排序，尽量列出合金成分与之相 当的GB牌号以供参考u</p></li></ul><p>Table 2-2 Physical properties of aluminum</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>14 # (</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>尚纯度铝1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>IP通纯度铝</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.9%%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>(99.5%)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>原子序数</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>13</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>相对原子质童</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>26.97</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20弋时晶格常数（凼心立方晶 格)/nm</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.40413</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.404</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>密度（20尤）/(g/on3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.689</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.70</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>密度(70(rC)/(g/Cm3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.373</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>熔点/T</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>660.2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>-655</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>沸点/尤</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2060</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>线胀系数（20 ~ 100T)/ io_6<c -1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24.58</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>23.5</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>线胀系数（100 ~ 3001)/ \0'6X. •'</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>25.45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>25.6</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>凝固收缩（体积）（％)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6.6</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>比热 100t：/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.9305</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.9601</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>熔融潜热/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>395.4</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>388.7</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>燃烧热/(J/g)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30.88</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30.93</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>热导率⑵^：)/!^/…!!！.^)]</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.215</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>电导率（对标准铜）（％)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>64.94</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>60<br/>(退火材料)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>比阻抗20*^/^ • cm</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6548</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.922</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>阻抗的温度系数/(10_3/*0</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.2</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A = 250nm( % )</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>.一</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>87</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A = 500nm( % )</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>90</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>反射率 A =2000nm(%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>.—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>97</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br/>表2-3铝合金一些重要的与钎焊有关的性能Table 2-3 Properties of some important aluminum alloys concerning with brazing and soldering</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tbody><tr class="firstRow"><td colspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>合金代号</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>特征合金元素<br/>(质鎩分数，％)</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>固相线一液相线<br/>/X.</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>抗拉强 度/MPa</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屈服强 度/MPa</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>仲长<br/>率<br/>(%)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>耐</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>钎ft</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>I<br/>状<br/>态</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>美国<br/>AA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>屮国GB 新（旧）</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>蚀<br/>性</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>硬钎<br/>焊</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>软钎<br/>焊</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1050</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1050A(I3)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.5A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1060</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1060(L2)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.6A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>69</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>43</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1100</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1100(L5-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.1A1-0.12Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>643—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>90</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>34</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>35</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.45AU0.3Si</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>75</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>34</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>40</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1199</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>(L03)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.99A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>660—660</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>50</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1350</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1350</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>99.50A1</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>646—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>83</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>28</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>23</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1460</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.2U-3. OCu-0.05Mg-0. IZr-O. ISc</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>11</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>resi</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2011</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2011</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>5.5Cu-0.4Pb-0.4Bi-0.3Zn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>535(m)—541 — 638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>380</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>295</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>15</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T3</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2014</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A14(LD10)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-0.8Si4).8Mn-0.5Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>507—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>185</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>97</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>21</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2017</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2RI1(LY8)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.2Cu-0.6Mg-0.6Mn^).5Si</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>513—641</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>183</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>70</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>22</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>NA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2018</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A90(LD9)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Cu-2.0Ni-0.8Si-().6Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>507—^38</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2020</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.5Cu-1.5Li-0.5Mn-0.2Cd</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>210</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>145</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>19</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2024</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A12(LY12)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-l. 5Mg-0. 6Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>185</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2036</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6Cu-0.45Mg-0.25Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>510(m)—554— 649</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>340</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>195</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T4</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2090</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.7Cu-2.2Li-0.12Zr-0.25Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>560-650</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>213</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>193</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>11</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2091</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2. lCu-2.0U-1.0Mg-0. lOZr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>560—670</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>-</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2117</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A01(LY1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2.6Cu-0.8Si-0.3Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>555—650</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>160</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>60</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2124</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>490</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>9.4</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T851</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2218</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Cu-2.0Ni-1.5Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>504(m)—532— 635</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>405</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>305</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>13</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>C</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T61</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2219</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2B16<br/>(LY16-1)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0. 18Zr-0. 10V-0.06Ti</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>543—M3</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>170</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>76</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>18</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2618</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2A70(LD7)</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>2. 3Cu-l. 6Mg-l. IFe-l. 0Ni-0. 18Si- 0.07Ti</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>502(m)—549— 638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>440</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>370</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>T61</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3003</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.2Mn-0.12Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>643-HS54</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>110</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>42</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>30</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3004</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3004</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.2Mn-1.0Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>629—654</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>180</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>69</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>20</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3005</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3005</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>1.3Mn-0.6Si-0.4Mg-0.3Cu</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>130</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>45</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>10</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3010</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.5Mn-0.2Cr</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3105</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>3105</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0.55Mn-0.50Mg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>638—657</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>115</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>55</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>24</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>B</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4002</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>4.0Si-1.1Cd-0. lMg</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>575—638</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>—</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>A</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>D</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><p>NA</p></td><td style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: gainsboro;"><br/></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/uploads/allimg/20220305/1-220305162I5J1.jpg"/></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>表2-3中所列的固相线温度是钎焊操作不可逾 越的界限，否则合金将产生过烧。事实上由于合金 牌号和厂家产品的不均一性，钎焊温度总得比固相 线最少低以保安全。但表中的合金铸态 出现共晶温度（e),经均化固溶处理后的初熔温 度（m)相对较高，因此实际钎焊时的温度可以高 于（e)，但决+能逼近（m>。此外，经常还要考 虑工件的力学性能，因此钉焊温度的选择还要参考 合金的热处理规范。铝合金的热学性质一般比较接 近，知道大概数值即可而不需细列。例如铝合金的 比热容都在0.9丨/(8.<0(20弋）左右；线胀系数 在23 X 10 6弋1 (20 ~ 100^)左右，它们比纯 Cul7.4xlO-6lC-\ H62 黄铜 SOJxlOdT』-1、纯 Nil6. 7 x 10_6<€ 、钢 12. 6 x 都较大；铝合金的热导率为1.25 ~2.5W/(cm . t)。铝及绝 大多数铝合金的密度均在（2_7 ±0. l)g/cm3之间， 其中含重金属（Cu、Zn等）和轻金属（Mg等） 的量不同而密度微有起伏。少数Al-Li-Mg合金的相 对密度有小到2.5^/cm3左右的。纯招的电导率与退 火铜比约为后者的60% (称比电导率），通常的铝 合金均约50%左右。含Mg量较高的铝合金的比电 导率则较低，例如，5A02 (LF2)、5A05 (I.F5)等防锈铝系列，但其比电导率也不低于30%。这与 黄铜（H62 ) 27%、纯Ni24%、低碳钢14%和比， 则仍属高电导率。铝合金的力学性能则有较大的变 化，表2-3所列尽量选取了退火的软化态数据，以 便为钎焊后可能出现的最差状态作参考。</p></li><li><p>中国新编号的变形铝合金，除部分沿用AA的 编号和合金成分以外，多数和AA都对不上，这从 表2-3中就可以看得出来。由于新老编号的交替， 特别是老的编号还未能完令退出人们的思绪，有一 张新老编号对照以及相应成分的说明还是很有必要 的。表24列出了相应的数据。因为GB牌号的变 形铝合金缺乏和轩焊有关的数据，必要时读者可以 根据表24屮GB和表2-3中AA主要成分相近的合 金进行钎焊性能的判断。</p></li><li><p>铸造培合金因为晶粒比较粗大，结构也比较疏 松，和变形铝材相比轩焊效果都较差。特别是含Si 或含Mg量较髙的铸铝合金更是难于被熔态的钎料 润湿。只有少数几个牌号的铸铝合金必要时可以考 虑进行钎焊。如 ZL201 (Al(：»5Mn)和 ZL203 ( A1- Cu4)针焊效果较好，其次可以考虑的还侖ZL105 (AlSi5CulMg)。有关参数见表2-3末尾的4个数据。</p></li></ul></div><p><br/></p>
